Civics Education
Virginia State Government



II. The Executive Branch

A. Governor
The executive branch at the federal and the state level generally has the most recognized face in government. In asking people what they know about government, many can name the current state executive. At the state level the chief executive is the governor. Virginia holds the distinction of having elected the first African-American to serve as a governor in the United States. The election of L. Douglas Wilder in 1989 was a historic moment.

L. Douglas Wilder Inauguration
L. Douglas Wilder Inauguration
Courtesy of the Library of Virginia

Did You Know? The Governor of Virginia is not allowed to serve consecutive terms. An individual is, however, eligible to serve as governor again after being out of office for four years. To learn more about Virginia’s governors click here.


The structure of the executive branch in Virginia mirrors the structure of the federal executive branch. Each has the responsibility of carrying out the laws of its respective governments. The executive branch in Virginia has three elected officials: the governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general. Each of these officials serves a four-year term and is elected in odd years following a presidential election. Just as the president is chief executive of the United States; the governor is the chief executive of Virginia. Both have formal powers granted by their constitutions, as well as informal powers that have emerged over time. The Governor of Virginia is seen as the chief of state, chief legislator, chief administrator, party leader, and the commander-in-chief of the Virginia National Guard.

Modern governors in the Commonwealth tend to be activist executives who propose legislation and initiate ambitious policy agendas. But their time in office is very brief:

Virginia’s governor is unique among all of the states because the Commonwealth’s chief executive is the only one prohibited by its Constitution from running for re-election. The governor can sit out at least four years after leaving office and serve one more term later, but Mills Godwin is the only governor since the Civil War to actually do this—elected first as a Democrat in 1965 and then for a second term as a Republican in 1973.

Because Virginia’s governors cannot succeed themselves to continue advancing their goals unabated, they hit the ground running the day after they have won the gubernatorial election through the transition period from one administration to the next. Once they take the oath of office in January, the General Assembly session is already underway, so they must work quickly if they want to get any legislative initiatives passed that year. Governors realize that they have only three short years remaining after that, and they need to rely on their close advisors and cabinets to help them achieve their priorities. (Morgan & Giesen, Jr., p. 112)


House of Delegates Rotunda
House of Delegates Rotunda
Courtesy of the Virginia House of Delegates

Did You Know? The U.S. Constitution prohibits all titles of nobility. However, the Commonwealth’s choice of language in referring to the governor as “His / Her Excellency,” which may well be the result of her colonial history and ties to England, has a distinctly noble air about it. While the Commonwealth is not the only state to use this title, most states in the U.S. refer to their governor as “The Honorable” (which Virginia also does to describe all elected officials).


The following chart compares qualifications and term limits of the Governor of Virginia to the President of the United States.

Item Governor of Virginia President of the United States
Qualifications At least 30 years of age.

Resident and registered voter in the Commonwealth for five years prior to election.
At least 35 years of age.

Natural born citizen.

Permanent resident of the U.S. for at least 14 years.
Term Four years.

Cannot serve consecutive terms.
Four years.

Can be elected twice and serve a maximum of ten years (if he has assumed the presidency following the death or resignation of the President).


Did You Know? The Governor of Virginia has the power of line-item veto, which allows the governor to veto certain parts of a bill and the state budget. Virginia is one of many states that allows the governor use of this tool. The President of the United States does not have this power as it has been ruled unconstitutional at the federal level.


B. Lieutenant Governor
The main power of the lieutenant governor is to preside over the Senate of Virginia. The lieutenant governor also has the power to cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate. The lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in case of death, failure to qualify, resignation, removal, or inability to serve. The lieutenant governor is elected at the same time as the governor; however, he is not limited to serving one term.

Did You Know? Virginia’s lieutenant governor succeeds the governor in the event of a vacancy. Virginia’s lieutenant governor is elected separately from the governor. This can result in a governor and lieutenant governor being from different parties.


C. Attorney General
The third elected official in the executive branch of Virginia is the attorney general. The Office of the Attorney General serves as the Commonwealth’s law office and represents the state or any of its agencies in civil and criminal cases. The attorney general is elected at the same time as the governor and lieutenant governor and also serves a four-year term. There is no set term limit for the attorney general and the terms can be consecutive. The role of the modern attorney general is extensive, including serving as counsel to the governor and state agencies, representing Virginia’s position in appeals of civil and criminal cases, defending the constitutionality of state laws before the U.S. Supreme Court, and serving as a consumer watchdog.
Long considered the behind-the-scenes offices that simply represent their states in legal disputes, state attorneys general are quickly becoming some of the most powerful state officials--as illustrated by many national headlines. It started with the tobacco lawsuits initiated by attorneys general in 1998 that ultimately brought record dollars to state coffers. Building upon that lawsuit, attorneys general have targeted and regulated financial institutions, tire manufacturers, telemarketers, pharmaceutical companies, lending organizations, credit card companies, accounting firms, and investors, among others. (Kilgore & Nolen, 2012, p. 155)

In the following video segment, Dr. Karen Hult, professor of political science at Virginia Tech, discusses Virginia’s executive branch and compares the institutional power of Virginia’s governor to the powers of governors in other states.



Did You Know? Virginia governors have operated using cabinets since 1972. In the Virginia cabinet, a relatively small number of “secretaries” are nominated by the governor and confirmed by the General Assembly to oversee broad policy areas such as education and health. Cabinet members both advise the governor and oversee all departments and agencies in their particular secretariat. Interested in examining the structure and functions of the governor’s cabinet? Then click here.


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